PREROGATIVE WRITS

Prerogative writs are writs issued by a court exercising unusual or discretionary powers. A writ is defined by Black’s Law Dictionary as a court’s written order, in the name of a state or other competent legal authority, commanding the addressee to do or refrain from doing some specified act. There are several kinds of writs but the most common are: certiorari, habeas corpus, mandamus and prohibition.

i. Certiorari
Certiorari is a prerogative writ issued by an appellate court, at its discretion, directing a lower court to deliver the record in the case for review.

ii. Habeas corpus
Habeas corpus is Latin which simply means bring the body. It is a prerogative writ used to bring a person before a court, most frequently to ensure that the party’s imprisonment or detention is not illegal. In addition to being used to test the legality of an arrest or commitment, the writ may be used to extradition process. The writ directs a person who detains another in custody and commands him to produce or “have the body” of that person before the court.

iii. Mandamus
Mandamus is a prerogative writ issued by a superior court to compel a lower court or a government officer to perform mandatory or purely ministerial duties correctly.

iv. Prohibition
A writ of prohibition is a prerogative writ which is issued by an appellate court to prevent a lower court from exceeding its jurisdiction or to prevent a non judicial officer or entity from exercising a power.




SOURCE: Black’s Law Dictionary (Abridged Seventh Edition) and Osborn’s Concise Law Dictionary (seventh edition).

MKURUGENZI WA MASHTAKA

Hivi karibuni Rais Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete alimteua Eliezer Mbuki Feleshi, Esq. kuwa Mkurugenzi wa Mashtaka. Mkurugenzi wa Mashtaka ni mamlaka makubwa chini ya Ibara ya 59B ya Katiba ya Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania.

Binafsi, namfahamu ndugu Eliezer. Ni mchapa kazi hakuna mfano! Kwa sasa Eliezer ni mwanafunzi wa Shahada ya Udaktari wa Falsafa katika Chuo Kiku cha Dar es Salaam.

Nakutakia kila la kheri katika kuteleza majukumu yako makubwa ya Mkurugenzi wa Mashtaka. Kama ulivyokuwa siku zote, nina uhakika utakabiliana na changamoto zilizo mbele yako na kuimudu kazi hii nzito. Mungu akutangulie na akupe nguvu na ujasiri.

Muujiza wa Lincoln na Kennedy

Hivi umewahi kusikia muujiza wa hadithi inayozunguka vifo na maisha ya Abraham Lincoln na John Fitzgerald Kennedy? Hebu soma hapa

Abraham Lincoln alichaguliwa kuingia Bunge la Congress mwaka 1846.
John Fitzgerald Kennedy alichaguliwa kuingia Bunge la Congress mwaka 1946.

Abraham Lincoln alichaguliwa kuwa Rais mwaka 1860.
John Fitzgerald Kennedy alichaguliwa kuwa Rais mwaka 1960.

Wote wawili walijihusisha na haki za raia (civil rights).
Wote wawili walifiwa watoto wakiwa Ikulu.

Wote wawili waliuawa kwa kupigwa risasi siku ya ijumaa.
Wote wawili walipigwa risasi kichwani.

Katibu Muhtasi wa Lincoln aliitwa Kennedy.
Katibu Muhtasi wa Kennedy aliitwa Lincoln (hata hivyo madai haya huwa yanabishaniwa ona kwa mfano hapa http://home.comcast.net/~sharonday7/Presidents/AP070102.htm)

Wote waliuawa na watu kutoka kusini ya Marekani.
Baada ya vifo vyao, Wote walifuatiwa na Marais kutoka kusini ya Marekani kwa jina la Johnson.

Andrew Johnson, aliyechukuwa nafasi ya Lincoln baada ya kifo chake, alizaliwa mwaka 1808.
Lyndon Johnson, aliyekuwa Rais baada ya kifo cha Kennedy, alizaliwa mwaka1908.

John Wilkes Booth, aliyemuua Lincoln, alizaliwa mwaka 1839.
Lee Harvey Oswald, muuaji wa Kennedy, alizaliwa mwaka 1939.

Wauaji wao walijulikana kwa majina matatu.
majina ya wauaji wote wawili yana herufi kumi na tano.

Lincoln aliuawa kwenye ukumbi ulioitwa 'Ford.'
Kennedy aliuawa ndani ya gari iliyoitwa ' Lincoln', gari hili lilitengenezwa na 'Ford.'

Lincoln alipigwa risasi ndani ya ukumbi na muuaji wake akakimbilia kujificha kwenye ghala
Kennedy alipigwa risasi kutoka kwenye ghala na baada ya kumuua akakimbilia kujificha ukumbini

Booth na Oswald waliuawa kabla ya kushtakiwa

na kifuatacho labda ni exaggeration ya wasomaji:

wiki moja kabla ya kupigwa risasi, Lincoln alikuwa mji ulioitwa Monroe, Maryland
Wiki moja kabla ya kupigwa risasi Kennedy alikuwa na Marilyn Monroe.

chanzo: mtandao

PASS (AEGROTAT) DEGREE

Umewahi kusikia pass (aegrotat) degree?

Aegrotat degree hutolewa pale ambapo mtahiniwa hakuweza kumaliza mitihani ili astahili degree kamili. Degree hii si degree kamili. Kikawaida hutolewa kwa kumaanisha kuwa kama mtahiniwa angekamilisha sehemu ya mitihani ambayo hakuifanya, basi angestahili kupata degree kamili. Utoaji wa degree hii unatawaliwa na kanuni za mitihani za vyuo vikuu.

Mhusika ni lazima aongeze (aegrotat) baada ya degree aliyosomea.

Kwa maelezo zaidi unaweza kuangalia University of Dar es Salaam calendar

test, once again